A patient with a history of long-standing hypertension presents with gradual kidney dysfunction. Which of the following vascular changes is most likely seen in benign nephrosclerosis?

An ophthalmic image shows chemosis, periorbital edema, and proptosis.

Which thyroid-related disorder is most likely responsible for these findings?

Which of the following is the least likely to result in acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Which of the following renal tubule segments is primarily affected in Fanconi’s syndrome?

Which of the following is the most common causative organism of acute pyelonephritis?

The pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma involves a translocation that activates which oncogene?

A 5-year-old child is brought to the clinic due to poor growth, excessive urination, and signs of metabolic acidosis.

Laboratory findings show glucose, amino acids, and phosphate in the urine, while blood glucose levels remain normal.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 52-year-old male with a history of polycystic kidney disease develops sudden onset headache, nausea, and loss of consciousness. What is the most likely cause?

Which of the following is the most serious consequence of untreated congenital hypothyroidism in an infant?

Which of the following is the most common initial clinical presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

A middle-aged patient presents with signs of hypothyroidism and a diffusely enlarged, firm, and non-tender thyroid gland. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old male presents with flank pain and hematuria.

Ultrasound shows multiple bilateral renal cysts.

His father had similar findings and died of a ruptured brain aneurysm.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following best explains the cause of non-pitting edema seen in patients with myxedema?

Which of the following immunophenotypic features in ALL is associated with a poor prognosis?

Which of the following conditions predisposes patients to ascending urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis?

Which of the following are common signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism? (Multiple answer question)

A 58-year-old woman comes to your clinic with complaints of heart palpitations, anxiety, and excessive sweating.

On physical examination, her thyroid is irregular and nodular, but there are no signs of eye involvement such as exophthalmos.

Her laboratory tests show:

• TSH: Suppressed

• Free T4: Elevated

• Anti-TPO antibodies: Negative

• TSH receptor antibodies: Negative

• Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan: Patchy uptake in multiple thyroid nodules

Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 2-week-old male infant presents with seizures and tetany. Physical exam reveals low-set ears and a notched philtrum. Lab tests show:

• Serum calcium: Low

• Serum phosphate: High

• PTH: Low

• Chest X-ray: Absent thymic shadow

Which of the following is the most likely underlying condition?

A 5-year-old child presents with bleeding gums, petechiae, and irritability.

On examination, there is perifollicular hemorrhage and corkscrew hairs.

Lab tests show a normal platelet count and coagulation profile.

What is the most likely underlying cause of the bleeding?

A 42-year-old woman with a history of chronic kidney disease presents with dull pain in her jaws and generalized bone discomfort. Dental imaging reveals a diffuse hazy radiopacity throughout the jawbones with loss of the normal trabecular pattern. Laboratory evaluation shows:

• Serum calcium: Low-normal

• Serum phosphate: Elevated

• Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Elevated

Which of the following best describes the radiographic appearance observed in this patient’s jaw?

A patient with sepsis is at risk of developing acute tubular necrosis primarily due to:

Which of the following are commonly associated with primary hyperparathyroidism? (Multiple answer question)

A 60-year-old man presents with fatigue, night sweats, and splenomegaly.

His peripheral blood smear shows marked leukocytosis with increased mature granulocytes and basophilia.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following clinical features best distinguishes African (endemic) Burkitt lymphoma from American (sporadic) Burkitt lymphoma?

A patient with long-standing but poorly controlled hypertension suddenly presents with chest pain, hematuria, and retinal hemorrhages.

Renal biopsy shows onion-skin hyperplasia of arterioles.

Which of the following best describes the underlying renal pathology?

A 35-year-old woman complains of tiredness, sensitivity to cold, increased body weight, and constipation.

Physical examination reveals dry skin, a slow heart rate, and prolonged relaxation phase of deep tendon reflexes.

What is the most probable diagnosis?