Which of the following complications most likely occurs during a tooth extraction in a patient with Paget’s disease of the maxilla?

A 68-year-old postmenopausal woman presents with back pain and a history of vertebral compression fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) via DEXA scan shows a T-score of –2.8.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 45-year-old male presents with hip pain and an imaging study reveals a lobulated mass with ring-and-arc calcifications. Biopsy reveals malignant cartilage cells.

What is the diagnosis?
 

Which structure, if underdeveloped congenitally, would most likely result in impaired GH secretion?

A 3-year-old child presents with growth retardation, frontal bossing on skull, bowing of legs, and prominent costochondral junctions.

Which of the following is the most likely cause of these findings?

Which of the following clinical or radiographic findings help differentiate fibrous dysplasia from other jaw lesions?

(Multiple choice question)

A left-hand X-ray of a 10-year-old boy shows open epiphyseal growth plates. The bone age appears closer to that of a 6-year-old, suggesting delayed skeletal development.

Based on the radiographic findings and the clinical presentation of short stature, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following distinguishes gigantism from acromegaly based on epiphyseal plate status?

Which of the following radiographic findings is most characteristic of osteopetrosis?

Which of the following best describes the underlying pathophysiology of type II diabetes mellitus?

Which of the following radiographic features is more characteristic of chronic osteomyelitis than acute osteomyelitis?

A 10-year-old child presents with painless facial swelling on the right side. A CT scan shows ground-glass opacity and expansion of the maxilla with obliteration of the maxillary sinus.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A patient with Cushing’s disease will most likely show which of the following laboratory findings?

Which of the following are considered microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus?

A 16-year-old boy presents with progressively worsening pain and swelling in the distal femur over the past two months. He has no history of trauma. On physical examination, there is a firm, tender mass above the knee.

X-ray of the femur reveals a mixed lytic and sclerotic lesion in the metaphysis, with periosteal elevation forming a Codman triangle and sunburst pattern. A biopsy confirms a high-grade malignant bone tumor.

Which of the following statements about this condition are TRUE?

(Select all that apply)

A. It most commonly arises in the metaphysis of long bones.

B. It is associated with mutations in the RB and TP53 genes.

C. Histology shows small round blue cells with scant cytoplasm.

D. The presence of osteoid production by malignant cells is diagnostic.

E. It is often seen in patients with Paget disease of bone or prior radiation exposure.

F. Night pain relieved by NSAIDs is a common clinical feature

A 45-year-old male presents with pain, swelling, and pus discharge from the mandible. He has a history of untreated dental caries. On examination, the area is tender and there is evidence of a sinus tract.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the most appropriate initial test to confirm suspected Addison’s disease?

A 7-year-old girl presents with early-onset menstruation, irregular café-au-lait macules on her back, and painless swelling of the jaw. Radiographs show a ground-glass appearance of the maxilla.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A 5-year-old boy presents with multiple fractures, blue sclerae, and hearing loss. His teeth are discolored and show early wear.

Which of the following is the most likely underlying defect?

Which of the following hormones is typically decreased in Sheehan’s disease?

(Multiple choice question)

A 15-year-old male presents with progressive knee pain and swelling. The X-ray reveals a distal femoral lesion with cloud-like radiodensity and periosteal spicules.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

Which of the following is the first-line treatment for gigantism caused by a pituitary adenoma?

A 70-year-old man complains of gradual increase in hat size, bilateral hearing loss, and jaw discomfort. On oral exam, there is spacing between teeth and mild expansion of the maxilla.

What is the most likely underlying condition?

A 35-year-old patient presents with episodic headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Blood pressure is consistently elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 14-year-old boy is brought in with persistent, deep-seated pain in his right thigh for over a month. He has also had intermittent fevers and feels generally unwell. Laboratory investigations reveal leukocytosis, elevated ESR, and mild anemia. On examination, there is localized tenderness without swelling or erythema.

Radiographic imaging of the femur shows a diaphyseal lytic lesion with a laminated periosteal reaction. A biopsy reveals small round blue cells on histology.

What is the most likely diagnosis?